Sun and Late Evening Light

Not a cloud cruised on that specific Sunday evening. The climbers, John and Mary had arrived at the highest points of the precipices as the sun was setting. They investigated the town aside and the water on the other. The entire scene showed up strikingly wonderful in the late night light, for it was nightfall. Their hearts started to load up with feelings as the immense open sky began to abandon a child blue to a harvest time red, the mists changed from cotton white to a flaring yellow orange giving the mists a fluorescent laser lined effect.Birds twittered musically while taking off to their homes in the lovely breeze, they also getting a charge out of the fabulous sight. The completely clear water shone like precious stones. Everything was practically still and the impact of the light made the scene seem as though one out of an artistic creation. It was so great. The climbers looked at the picturous scene as the harvest time sky turned darker. The sun appeared to find a sense of c ontentment, causing the climbers to feel great and warm.The sun gradually started to blur away, as though it were going to tumble off the edge of the water. John and Mary unexpectedly started to feel invigorated as they sat on the slope to take in the epic occasion directly before them, they felt alive, reawakened and roused. They gradually viewed the pre-winter red sun vanish behind the cloudy blue ocean and said to themselves, what a radiant dusk. One that would be scratched in their recollections forever.

The Impact Of Terrorism On Tourism Tourism Essay

The Impact Of Terrorism On Tourism Essay In this investigation the principle conversation will be about the effect of psychological oppression on the travel industry, how it is influencing the travel industry in any nation and in this examination the author will disk in especially about Egypt and how the travel industry is specifically has been influenced by these fear monger assaults. The principle motivation behind why the essayist believes that this zone ought to be examined is on the grounds that numerous nations are influenced with the activity of fear based oppression and psychological oppressors despite the fact that they happen to be protected nations. These sorts of assaults dont speak to the nation in general, they are gatherings of individuals who have issues with the administration and they need to be at the center of attention and get media inclusion from everywhere throughout the world by assaulting sightseers. The principle profit by this exploration is to discover the fundamental purpose behind these assaults, what are the outcomes of the assaults on the travel industry of Egypt? For what reason do psychological oppressors assault travelers? How could they face it before and in what manner should the nation respond upon fear based oppression later on? Fundamental information assortment will be from diaries and books; it depends on auxiliary research discoveries as it were. Of course there are a few restrictions of auxiliary research accessible close by yet there are some elective approaches to get the data required for the examination. The goal of this examination is to investigate the effect of fear based oppression on the travel industry, which incorporates sightseers development and the outcomes on the goal. The investigation will concentrate on the influences that the goal faces after the assaults, and how this sort of assaults influences the travel industry in the nation. The travel industry is a principle pay for some nations on the planet; the greater part of the creating nations are reliant on it even the less evolved nations are depending on the travel industry as a second wellspring of salary after petroleum, so it is quickest developing monetary divisions in the created/creating world (Aly Strazicich, n.d.). In the late 1960s and 1970s, the travel industry was frequently elevated as an approach to lessen constant equalization of installment shortage and as a significant wellspring of outside trade (Essner, 2003). What's more, it was immediate and roundabout on the administration income, it was perceived as a way to expand the economy and decrease dependence on customary horticulture and industry (Aly Strazicich, n.d.). Straightforward fear based oppressor assaults can influence on the travel industry income, and this would be a terrible effect on the nation outside trade (Essner, 2003). It has been difficult to characterize the word fear based oppression however one of the definitions portrays it as: Any demonstration taken with uncommon strategies including the utilization of power and savagery with the point of affecting social and political structure (Kucukaltan 2006, p.29). Egypt is one of the nations that rely upon the travel industry, past explanation shows that in 2002 the travel industry spoke to 26% of their outside trade (compose fix, 2010). Be that as it may, because of some psychological oppressor assaults this can change, for example, in 1998 the travel industry has been influenced gravely it has been diminished from 3,727 of every 1997 to 2,565 of every 1998 (Essner, 2003). In the following segments the creator will be neglecting about the strategy of this exploration, the writing survey and arrangement and suggestions if accessible. Technique: Optional investigation is a type of research where the information gathered and forms by a scientist are reanalyzed by another, regularly for various reason (Babbie 2007, p.227). Utilizing auxiliary information has its favorable circumstances and drawbacks, to begin with, its focal points: It is quicker to gather and at a lower cost than the essential information, it can furnish the specialists with their examination start point and help to characterize the exploration issue and gain proficiency with the targets (Kotler, et al., 2008). The detriments of utilizing an optional information look into is: the required data may not be inquired about or may not exist, or the definition required is unique or improper for the examination available (Kotler, et al., 2008). In this examination the fundamental assets that will be utilized are optional assets. Most information gathered will comprise of applicable scholastic books, past contextual analysis inquires about and the web. The principle books that will be utilized in this investigation will be from: Tourism and Terrorism by Professor Derman Kucukaltan, different books are progressively about psychological warfare and its contention on the world, such a book: Global fear mongering by James M. Lutz and Brenda J. Then again there are some scholarly books additionally accessible on Google books that will be utilized in this examination, for example, Inside Terrorism by Bruce Hoffman, and another book about the Mediterranean the travel industry altered By Yiorgos Apostolopoulos, Philippos J. Loukissas, Lila Leontidou, the part in the book is about the travel industry in Egypt composed by Turgut Var and Kahlid Zakaria El Adli Imam. Notwithstanding the books there are hardly any reports and examines done about the effect of fear mongering and the travel industry in Egypt, for example, the one composed by: Mark Bennet and Harry Bray and another report composed by Hassan Aly and Strazicich from The Ohio State University. Other data about Egypt the travel industry insights, ongoing fear based oppressor assaults in Egypt news and figures will be utilized from some Internet sources, for example, Al Jazeera English site, BBC news, npr station web based telecom and a lot progressively different sites. Writing survey: Fear mongering and the travel industry: Worldwide Terrorism is a worry for all (Suder, 2006). In the first place it is significant that psychological warfare and the travel industry is characterized. Scientists had been giving a wide range of meaning of fear mongering and it is hard to characterize it, however from the author perspective, the most suitable definition will be that: Fear based oppression is a type of war; its will probably devastate economies through irregular passing and frenzy (Tarlow, 2006, p.82). It is additionally portrayed as the arranged, politically propelled assault executed against non-warrior focuses by sub national gatherings or mystery against generally expected to impact a group of people (download it, n.d.). Fear based oppression may likewise be an utilization of savagery or danger of viciousness against regular citizens; by and large psychological oppression could be characterized as any demonstration taken with phenomenal techniques including the utilization of power and brutality with the point of impacting social and political structure (Kucukaltan, 2006, p.29). These are just a portion of the definition about fear based oppression yet all the definition has a typical guideline about psychological warfare which is; that fear mongering is a sort of brutality. Most nations face national and additionally worldwide dread of ceaseless psychological oppression, particularly after September 11; it turned into a need of the world to battle against fear mongering and to stop the developing number of psychological oppressor association (Kucukaltan, 2006). Furthermore there are various types of fear monger assaults, for example, Kidnapping, blasts, murder and prisoner taking (Das Kratcoski, 2003). Anyway the travel industry is the world number one industry and the administration is dependent on the people groups insurance and their security (Schuelke, 2000). Also, it is one of the quickest developing financial segment on the planet and in Egypt since 1987 (Apostolopoulos, et al., 2001). What's more as per Aly and Strazicich (n.d.) report, the travel industry was perceived for its immediate and roundabout effect on government income and as a mean of broadening the economy and diminishes reliance on customary horticulture and industry. Psychological warfare is mistaken for criminal conduct, yet they are very surprising components. The travel industry wrongdoing is a business while the travel industry fear mongering is hastily persuaded by a gathering of individuals. Wrongdoing is known broadly in the nation, however fear based oppression in known globally due to media intrigue they get (Tarlow, 2006). As indicated by Das and Kratroski (2003, p210) a fear monger mean: whoever rehearses viciousness and psychological oppression for understanding a political goal and any individual who resorts to psychological warfare for expending power. Also Terrorists try to wreck countries or governments through irregular passing that lead to a monetary breakdown, fear based oppressors objectives are distinctive in that they look for the dispersion of a travel industry as opposed to the individual or business profits by a particular activity (Tarlow, 2002). Moreover psychological oppressor are happy to lose and chance their life so as to accomplish their objectives (Tarlow, 2002). Also, this is actually what's going on in Egypt, all the assaults are finished by furious individuals who are not concurring with the administration thus fear based oppression is the solution to their resentment and accomplishing their objective, and in light of the fact that they need their voice to be heard they mean to look for media consideration. Since fear monger look for media consideration any occasion is an open objective for psychological oppressor (Tarlow, 2002). Also, the press and the media hugy affect them as they put them on the spotlight in any negative occasion (Das Kratroski, 2003). What's more, from the essayist perspective the media also have an effect on the goal picture subsequent to broadcasting any occasion that had occurred in that goal, it may construct a decent notoriety or break the notoriety of the goal. The historical backdrop of psychological oppression in Egypt: Egypt the travel industry has a long history; it began during the presidential of Anwar Al Sadat, when he initially made harmony with Israel. This opened and changed the perspective on the Westerns to the Arabs and their pioneers (Apostolopoulos, et al., 2001). The travel industry speaks to one of the most valuable divisions of Egypt economy however it is profoundly in peril to inside savagery and local legislative issues (Apostolopoulos, et al., 2001). In other manner it is shaky household economy that Egypt has. Everything has begun in the late 1970s when al-gamaa al-Islamiya started annoying and battling the transformation that Egypt was experiencing, they focused on government authorities, Coptic Christians, policemens, officials and travelers (Essner, 2003). These fanatic Muslims gathering (al-gamaa al-Islamiya) propelled their crusade once more in 1992, this time their primary targets where outsider visitors, these psychological oppressor assaults has incapacitated the legislature and harmed the travel industry among 1992 and mid 1994 (Aposto

Keep an Open Mind About Your Major

Keep an Open Mind About Your Major On the road to freshman year at Illinois, you may think that your major is completely decided and that your future is totally decided. While that may be true sometimes, there are many instances where people explore other paths in college. You may show up to your first class as a business student and decide that a major in global studies is really what you want. There are times where joining a club or activity completely changes your prospective and you discover a new path. Regardless of whether you stick with your planned major or not, there should always be room for thought about all possibilities. You may even decide to keep your major and decide to pursue a minor that complements your major nicely. Also, many majors have a multitude of different paths that can be taken within the major itself. This level of variety and options are a positive thing and should be taken advantage of. The University of Illinois is especially known for its many majors and areas of study. There are so many ways to mix and match classes to pick up a certificate or minor that helps you on your way to the career you are striving for. I am reminded of these diverse options and opportunities every semester when I register for classes. It seems like every semester I end up taking a class that I did not expect and it usually adds a new perspective to how I view my studies and career. As a freshman, Illinois can be the perfect place to keep your options open and be ready for where your passions take you. Your next class or club meeting may be the place that you discover what you really want to do with your life. Its your opportunity to embrace this new path and move forward. Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Truman Doctrine - 1575 Words

All things in history have a place and time. In fact we are history. Had it not been for the previous events in world history, our existence could have been questionable. What would have happened if Hitler did take over the world? Would we be alive today? What if the cold war turned hot at some point? All these doubts tend to help an individual realize that everything in world history happens for a specific reason and therefore everything has its own time and place. One significant event in United States history had been the Vietnam War. However, the Vietnam War that I speak of didnà #9472;#8805;t last from the mid 1960à #9472;#8805;s to early 1970à #9472;#8805;s. Rather, the events that had lead up to the proceedings of the situation†¦show more content†¦He understood that Vietnam was the where the line was drawn. If he had not been stern with foreign policy and his involvement, Khrushchev and the Russians would ride him all the way out of his presidency. Just as Eise nhower had done, Kennedy had backed up Diem to fullest extent as well. He believed that Diem played an intricate role in the success of the US presence within Vietnam. JFK knew that Khrushchev had overpowered him. However, that had not fazed him. JFK knew that this incident would not be based on leaders. It would heavily rely on counterinsurgency. In fact, JFK based his whole foreign policy with Vietnam on counterinsurgency. JFKà #9472;#8805;s strong tactics didnà #9472;#8805;t help him though. Events such as the Bay of Pigà #9472;#8805;s in April of 1961 merely embarrassed him in front of the Russians. In addition, after the June 1961 meeting between himself and Khrushchev, JFK felt quite overwhelmed by the Russian leader. After returning home, JFK went ahead and called up the reserves, increased draft quotas, and ordered a civil defense program. With thus in mind, JFK had a very hot hand on everything. He seemed to be very pro-war after the meeting in Vienna. However, before his assassination, JFK called for an end to the hostility, and foresaw cooperation between Russia and the US. Nevertheless, JFKà #9472;#8805;s life came to an abrupt end on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas as Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killedShow MoreRelatedThe Truman Doctrine1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Truman Doctrine and the Development of American Foreign Policy during the Cold War On March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman defined United States foreign policy in the context of its new role as a world superpower. Many historians consider his speech to Congress as the words that officially started the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was a major break from U.S. historical trends of isolationist foreign policy. His speech led to the Cold War policy of containment. 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The â€Å"containment doctrine† announced its efforts to support Greece and Turkey to the tune of â€Å"$400,000,000† (Merrill, 222) in economic aid and military assistance, which the latter did not eventually transpire. The plea was made amid Greece’s civil war (1946-49), where as a result of World War II the â€Å"Germans had destroyed virtually allRead MoreTruman Doctrine And The Cold War1463 Words   |  6 Pagescommon question usually arises: was the Truman Doctrine responsible for starting the Cold War? First of all, Truman doctrine and its objectives must be presented. The Truman doctrine was established in 1947, by the thirty-third president of the United States- Harry S. Truman. In the book â€Å" The Truman Presidency’’ the Truman doctrine was described as ‘’one of the most momentous events in international political relations of this century†. 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President Truman s stance was that theRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine and Iron Curtain Speech802 Words   |  3 PagesThe Truman Doctrine and Iron Curtain Speech After World War II, the USSR and United States engaged in an unprecedented conflict called the Cold War. Despite the armaments being produced, this war was not directly fought with thousands of soldiers or massive weapons. An enormous rise in tensions created a competition between the two countries for diplomatic, economic, cultural, and military dominance. Of course, nothing was official until President Harry Truman and Winston Churchill worked togetherRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine By George C. Marshall1504 Words   |  7 PagesAdditionally, with The Marshall Plan it is similar to The Truman Doctrine, except it is supposed to help Europe financially and economically, instead of Greece and Turkey. George C. Marshall was concerned that â€Å"economic instability in Europe would lead to the triumph of communism.† (Winkler, pg. 21). 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Something To Drink - 1080 Words

â€Å"Can I Get You Started With Something to Drink?† My dad once told me, â€Å"In this world there’s always going to be hungry people, drunk people, and sick people so if you want to succeed, you open up a restaurant, a liquor store, or you become a doctor.† A lot of people have never waited tables before, but a lot have. Those that have, know it can be both the easiest job and the hardest job. That’s what I do while I make my way through college, I wait tables. My family has owned restaurants since I can remember, I grew up in those things. Especially when my dad finally got the chance to open up his own, I remember sitting at in the unfinished building at 8 years old doing homework every day after school while construction workers ran all†¦show more content†¦Of course, part of my job is to try to initiate a conversation with everyone, but occasionally you go past the a basic â€Å"how are you doing today† conversation and all of a sudden you know about their whole family and where they just wen t on vacation. The hate part of this comes in when customers make everything difficult. Everyone that has ever had this job at any restaurant can tell you that if you’re a difficult customer, all the staff will know about you within two minutes and you will be the topic of conversation for the next hour. â€Å"The customer is always right† is something that should have never been said, because some people take that too serious and have the most ridiculous requests. My all time favorite is when they lick their plate clean, then say they didn’t like the food so they deserve to get their entire meal comped. A lot of times you wouldn’t believe that customers can and will act like a five year old throwing a fit because their margarita isn’t the color they expected it to be. This is a daily struggle because of our unique â€Å"sweet and sour† mix but well, we learn to deal. Honestly, I hate giving them what they want after they throw a fit but it’s not wit hin a good employee to tell the customers off. Not exclusive to this job, but I think anywhere you go there is a certain level of importance to the relationship with your coworkers. I myself, do try and become friends with every single personShow MoreRelatedYou Want A Drink Of Water Or Something?1981 Words   |  8 Pages Do you want a drink of water or something? I asked once we had reached the inside. Sure. He shrugged as I bent down to untie my boots. 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If you do have a drink you shouldRead MoreA Short Note On The Energy Drink Industry996 Words   |  4 Pages Energy drinks are part of the broader soft drink category, which includes carbonated beverages, fruit and vegetable juices, bottle water, sports drinks, beverages concentrates, ready-to-drink tea, and ready-to-drink coffee (Fontinelle). Because there are so many companies competing for the top spot for the best ener gy drink, it is hard for small and new companies to compete. There are challengers amongst competitors as far as distribution, obtaining shelf space, and offering something unique fromRead MoreMany Causes of Alcoholism1290 Words   |  6 Pagesalcoholism is nature or nurture. From my own understanding, I think that alcoholism has multiple causes. Many people may think that alcoholics are people who drink often or drink everyday, but in reality, alcoholism is when people can not control their drinking. There are also different types of alcoholism. 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Footballers Do Not Deserve The High Salaries Free Essays

Many people think that footballers are paid too much money for doing too little effort. However, this can be argued because they are people who have dedicated their entire life to this sport and therefore they should be rewarded. This leads us to the question: Do footballers deserve high salaries? Firstly, some famous footballers are paid huge amounts of money such as Cristiano Ronaldo who are paid millions of euros every year to play for his parent club Real Madrid . We will write a custom essay sample on Footballers Do Not Deserve The High Salaries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Currently the highest paid footballer is Lionel Messi who earns ? 0 million per year not including his sponsership money which is ridiculess . This makes us feel that it is unreasonable that there are so many people dying of famine in the world and these people are given so much money for performing an insignificant effort. It even make us feel irritated to know how these football players waste their money in wants that are of no use such as Etoo who plays for Inter Milan in Italy . Eto ownes about fifteen expensive cars at the moment and people may argue that the money should be used wisely. A lot of money is needed for many purposes: for example for the aid of starving people in the less economically developed countries or in the building of more hospitals for our own health and security. My second arguement is that people argue that there are other professions that provide far much more for the population that footballers do and that they are poorly paid in comparison. They should be paid more. Other people even think that what they are paid would be justified if they performed better in the actual matches. Other sports stars across the world including Tiger Woods And Floyd Mayweather Jnr Earn alot more money than your average footballer and no one seems too complain. Many people say that one goal in a ninety-minute match or a draw implies an awful quality performance. On the other hand, the opinion of the spectators is that these players have dedicated their full lives to their job which involves harsh training and the maintenance of physical fitness through intense daily training so he has to be under the pressure of their trainer who requires them to be completely fit and train strictly. Furthermore, apart from the pressure exerted from heir club they are under the pressure of the audience. They have always to play correctly and not make any mistake so that the media and the public will not criticize them. A single error would represent a possible end of the career of that player. In addition to this, we have to consider the fact that the age of retirement for a professional football player is of about 30-40 years means that this person relies on the money he has gained in his short lifetime as a professional footballer therefore football players need the money for the future so they can sustain themselves and their future generations. Finally, the football business is private, no public money pays for the bills so why should we care about how much are the players paid? It is a sport that is enjoyed by millions of people and it is known everywhere so it is maybe true that these players are worth the money, that their talent deserves this money. In conclusion, my opinion is that footballers don’t perform such a simple, undemanding and effortless job, they dedicate their lives to this sport so that the people can enjoy it and it is quite complex for them to maintain their physical strength and fitness to survive ninety minutes running. They also are under a lot of pressure from their managers, media and the whole audience and one mistake publicly or on the pitch can lead to hatred. However, I do consider that the sum of money they are paid is quite over exaggerated, it is too much and even if it is not that easy to become a professional player, the effort is not worth millions of euros and I believe that some of these money should be for other purposes such as stopping the famine and starvation in the world. So footballers should be compensated for their effort but with so much money. How to cite Footballers Do Not Deserve The High Salaries, Essay examples

Birth of American Newspaper Essay Example For Students

Birth of American Newspaper Essay The Birth of the American NewspaperIt has been said that the true newspaper must meet these qualifications: (1) it must be published at least once a week; (2) it must be produced by mechanical means (to distinguish it from handwritten newes letters); (3) it must be available to anyone willing to pay the price, regardless of class or special interest; (4) it must print anything of interest to a general public, as contrasted with some of the religious and business publications; (5) it must have an appeal to a public of ordinary literary skill; (6) it must be timely, or at least relatively so, in the light of technical development; and (7) it must have stability, as contrasted to the fly-by-night publications of more primitive times. -Emery and Smith, 1954Before the printing press or printing plates hand written pamphlets were the means for communicating anything over a distance of land or sea. Documentation, for those who were literate, played major roles in politics long before todays modern Sunday Advertisers. In 1566, the Venetian Magistracy ordered accounts of the war in Dalmatia to be read and posted in public places. Persons interested in this news paid a small coin, called a gazetta, for the privilege of obtaining it. As far back as 69 BC, news sheets known as Acta Diurna were posted in public places in Rome (Emery and Smith, 1954). It might be said that the newspaper was the most significant contribution of the printing press. Johann Gutenberg introduced movable type around 1440. Not until it had been perfected was it possible to produce literature and printed reports cheap enough to reach the masses. The revolution was not as much in the medium as in the audience. With publication of this type, there was some incentive for gathering and processing information of interest to the general public- news (Emery and Smith, 1954). News became a commodity, like food and merchandise, produced for profit to meet a demand. Newspapers didnt create news; news created newspapers (Emery and Smith, 1954). David Copeland claims that the American newspaper was quietly born on September 25, 1690. On this day, Publick Occurrence Both Foreign and Domestic was printed in Boston by Benjamin Harris. The young nations first newspaper promised to provide an account of such considerable things as have arrived unto our Notion (Copeland, 1997). Needless to say, the young paper did not make a second edition due to the fact that the governor found the pamphlet contained reflections of a very high nature and ordered its suppression (Lee, 1924). Americas next chance at a newspaper was started by John Campbell. The Boston News-Letter began on April 24, 1704, 84 years after the establishment of the first colony in that area. One of its main reasons for success was the fact that Campbell printed his newspaper with Authority of the Massachusetts government (Copeland, 1997). Before he began printing, Campbell, Bostons postmaster, sent handwritten letters to the governors of each colony. Campbell having secured the governments approval made his paper a success when he began mass distribution. Once his printing got underway, the News-Letter was printed on both sides of a sheet; slightly larger than a sheet of typewriter paper. Campbell never had enough subscribers to make his venture profitable. His circulation seldom exceeded three hundred (Emery and Smith, 1954). The Boston News-Letter printed until 1776. From 1704 until December 1719, the News-Letter was the only colonial newspaper (Copeland, 1997). On December 21, James Franklin printed the first Boston Gazette. The next day, Andrew Bradford began the American Weekly Mercury in Philadelphia. Andrew was the local postmaster and son of William Bradford, who was to be the publisher of the first newspaper in New York. The elder Bradford started The New York Gazette on November 8, 1725 (Lee, 1923). Within a decade, five other newspapers were initiated in the colonies. The newspapers of colonial America were an outgrowth of London newspapers and there predecessors, the newsletters. The content of the colonial newspapers were obtained from English newspapers and magazines brought to America. Ships arrived after weeks at sea, and printers sought out captains, crew members, and passengers for the latest advices from Europe (Copeland, 1997). The news printed in the colonial newspapers were not original in content. The news was not new at all. In fact, it was several months behind the current events in Europe. The papers also largely had nothing to with the news of the colonies. People where still hanging on to the events of Europe that had no direct affect on them in the new nation. Eventually the colonist came to the realization they needed to be aware of situations in their surroundings and not abroad. Benjamin Franklin was the first to begin to print news and information about the colonies themselves and not exclusively in Europe. If one was to ask who set the palette for todays newspapers, the answer would definitely be Benjamin Franklin. BibliographyCopeland, David. Colonial American Newspapers. University Of Delaware Press, Inc. Newark, Delaware. 1997. .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 , .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .postImageUrl , .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 , .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442:hover , .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442:visited , .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442:active { border:0!important; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442:active , .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442 .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u66fe0c7092b6e9c9c937fc52f1bc0442:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Immigration Essay SummaryEmery, Edwin, and Henry Ladd Smith. The Press and America. Prentice Hall, Inc. New York, New York. 1954. Lee, James Melvin. History of American Journalism. The Garden City Publishing Co., Inc. Garden City, New York. 1923.

How to Find a Job Essay Example

How to Find a Job Essay How to find a job? some advice for the unemployed. The first step in finding a job is to write a resume or prepare to complete a job application. Depending on the type of job you are searching for, you will need a resume, CV (curriculum vitae) and a cover letter or you will need to complete an application for employment. In most cases, you will need a resume to apply for full-time, professional job opportunities. If you are seeking a part-time job or work in a career field like hospitality or retail, for example, you will complete an application for employment. The next step in finding a job is to find employment opportunities to apply to whether online, or in person. You will need to search the online job search sites, like praca. pl, pacuj. pl. jobs. pl and utilize offline resources including networking, which is still the way most people find jobs. It is advisable to join professional associations, seek unpaid interships in volounteer work and accept every social invitation that comes your way. Expanding your contact is the best way of getting the positions that are not advertised. If you get an interwiew arrive on with the specifics about how you are hireing what directly benefit the company with examples of what you accomplished in the first six months in the job. Tailor each resumes to the job opening by stressing positions you have held and skills you have to match to the current opportunity . If you are responding to an advertisement use the words from the advertisement to describe your work experience. Go to the company’s website for the buzzwords that make you seem like an ideal fit for a job. Customise your personal letter too. Keep it brief, no more than three paragraphs and write about your greatest strenghts. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Find a Job specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How to Find a Job specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How to Find a Job specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The recruiter’s eyes will read it first. It is important to follow up with the people who have interviewed you. Send a thank you letter within twenty-four hours of your interview. Also contact the employer if you have not heard whether you got the job, or not, within a week or so of interviewing. Inquire about the status of your candidacy and ask if you can provide any additional information. Did uou know nearly fifty percent of job seekers provide false or misleading information on their resumes? According to a survey twenty percent are lying about their education, twelve percent become less than honest about past employment.

Marketing Analysis for Meantime Brewery Essay Example

Marketing Analysis for Meantime Brewery Essay Example Marketing Analysis for Meantime Brewery Essay Marketing Analysis for Meantime Brewery Essay for consumers to notice the brand names regularly, leaving no room for smaller producers. In addition to the large retailers who have a purchasing power that might be exercised on consumers. Hence, the overall intensity of competition is high. Threat of New Entry The cost for a new brewery to enter the market offering new edition of beers is high. In addition to the economy of scale that is considered high for launching a brewery. There are high barriers to entry that will obstacle the establishment. Also, there are closed distribution channels, as well as to strict government regulations. (Brown, 2010) Therefore, as mentioned by Michael Porter in 2008, seven elements give a complete emphasis on how the threat of new entry is generated. o Economies of Scale (Supply Side) Generally, it is better for a supplier to produce large volumes of scale in order to have lower costs per unit, thats why new entrants ought to start on larger scale projects to have an upper hand on the market, but only a few entrants are capable of doing so. vo Benefits of Scale (Demand Side) Benefits o f scale are based on how much consumers are willing to try new products. The higher the demand on beer, the higher price would be; so, this may affect consumers preferences until noticing the increase in demand. This means that 13 significant consumer base has to be obtained and developed in order for producers

How convincing is Porters model of national competitive advantage in Essay - 15

How convincing is Porters model of national competitive advantage in explaining the characteristics and performance of the business systems of major economies - Essay Example For this reason, the model suggests that the nationhood of a homemade industry has a significant role in making the business venture achieve its advantage globally. The value of the nationhood to the industry is responsible for the development of the primary factors that enhances the support for the organizations in achieving the advantages available in the global completion (Pejko, 2014). Porter noted that there are four determinants of reaching the national competitive advantage. The four determinants, however, operate under the influence of the country of operation added with the competitive strengths of the firms. In this instance, Porter presents an argument that states that the competitive industries may take the form of unique clusters of the nation based firms (Rowe, 2009). Clusters have some correlations with the customers, technology, skills, the distribution channels and many more. The availability of these clusters will make the nations come up with business systems that also will lead to the competitive advantage and the realization of the economic success as a whole. An example, in this case, is the Japans automobile industry and the US semiconductor industry. The two industries have the linkage to the Porters diamond model in their operation that in this instance assists them in the creation of the unique business systems and the competitive advantages over other industries. Factor condition defines a nation’s position on the factors of production that is useful for competition through a given field of industry of operation such as the case of the skilled labour or infrastructure. Consequentially, the national factors enhance the provision of the pre advantages for the nation. As a result, each nation has a certain factor condition that, in this case, makes it favourable for the growth and the development of business systems and industries (Tallman, 2009). For instance,

Miscarriage of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Miscarriage of Justice - Essay Example This implies that the issue is broad-spectrum as it incorporates both criminal and white collar crimes (McBannet, 1981, p.45). Certain indications in wrongful convictions portray synonymous characteristics to miscarriage of justice. A closer look at the events surrounding this issue reveals that the most injurious cases happen when a person faces wrongful conviction. The Criminal Justice system can also be faulted as wrong convictions hold for many years (Wilhouter et al, 2009, 2). It is unfortunate that innocent convicts can spend numerous years behind bars. Upon release, ex-convicts still suffer stigmatization in the society. The Guildford four and the Birmingham six serve as the best example of such cases. The most conspicuous aspect of controversy in such cases is generally embodied in the legality of the death penalty. Due to the alarming trend of wrongful convictions in the recent past, the legitimacy of the death penalty has constantly been reviewed. Critics and opponents of t he drug penalty argue that innocent suspects are likely to suffer death for crimes they have not committed (Sanders & Young, 2007, p.10). The issue remains controversial because death is irreversible and nothing can be done to repair the damage of a wrong conviction. A common practice that has led to much emphasis on miscarriages of justice is the emergence of crucial DNA evidence that has helped clear many people from false accusations (Douglas, 2011, p.1). Forensic evidence has helped to exonerate innocent suspects and even wrongfully convicted prisoners. The pile up of unjust conviction cases led to the formation of the Criminal Cases Review Commission in 1997 (Rock, 2004, p.23). CCRC is deemed as the probable avenue towards success where the police, human rights institutions, and the courts have seemingly failed. A major cause for concern in this case, emanates from the fact that the above named institutions focus on errors that are somewhat premeditated (Lauden, 2006, p.98). Th is is mainly attributed to corruption. It means that given certain circumstances, a breach of ethics, laws, and common sense is usually evident. This is despite the fact that rejection of liberty stands out as a grave state sanction in the United Kingdom (Cater-Ruck, 1992, p.172). Most countries demand that whenever an individual is wrongfully convicted, and in the event suffers damage to himself or his family, he should be adequately compensated. However, compensation involves certain points of consideration that need to be verified before any progress on the same (Williams, 1999, 63). Common knowledge suggests that very few people will disagree with this assumption. On that note, it is important to look at issues surrounding a miscarriage of justice and how it possibly happens. Cases of biasness are common in the event of wrongful conviction and they include actions like unfair editing of evidence, fabrication of evidence by the police or the prosecution, issues of identification, contaminated evidence, and many other factors. Many people have been victims of the above implications and this has landed them several consequences which are regrettable since they happen to be innocent. Most people base their arguments on the harsh realities of death by execution in such cases but is should also be remembered that time spent in jail brings irreversible consequences to the person. Issues associated with miscarriage of ju

Challenges Of The Hr Specialist Management Essay

Challenges Of The Hr Specialist Management Essay As a HR specialist, what are the challenges you may face and what HR intervention mechanisms would you consider using in an attempt to drive individual and organisational performance in a multinational company? Critically evaluate this question by utilising the appropriate academic literatures. This thesis proposed the challenges of the HR specialist when there engage in attempt of increasing the individual and organisational performances in Multinational Companies through developing a set of coherent HRM best practices, especially relating to employee recruitment and selection, performance management and staff retention. Since the organizations are multinational number of concerns are arises such as dealing cultural issues with the organizational goals as well as individual goals. Furthermore organizational behaviors and tools such as engagement, motivation and empowerment are basically highlighted; without those it is merely a dream to achieving the business goals. Basically Multinational companies are aiming profits and there for individual and organisational performance are very vital for their existence. HR has been organized in a different ways over the years. Some functions have emphasized delivery by location or by business structure. In these models an integrated HR team has serviced managers and employees at specific location or with in specific businesses units, with some more strategic or complex tasks reserved for the corporate centre. The degree to which these different arms of HR were centralized or co-located and the question of whether they were managed by the business unit varied. Within the HR teams, depending up on their size their might have been specialization by work area (especially for industrial relations in the 1960s and 1970s) or by employee grade or group (responsibility, say, divided between those looking after clerical staff from those covering production) The advancement of personal management starts around end of the 19th century, when welfare officers came in to being. This creation was a reaction to the harshness of industrial conditions, coupled with pr essure arising from the extention of the franchise, the influence of the trade unions and the labour movement and the campaigning of enlightened employers, often quakers, for what was called industrial betterment. (CIPD Research Role of HR) Personal Management(PM) is mainly concerned with obtaining, organizing and motivating the human resources required by the corporation (ARMSTRONG, Michael, 1977) PM includes a range of activities which deals with the workforce other than the resources and also more administrative in nature. HRM deals with soft issues rather than administrative tasks of personnel management and explain a wide vision of how management would like the resources to organise to the success of the organization. Becker and Gerhart (1996) and Wright,Dunford and Snell (2001) have concluded that although the traditional view as HR acost to be minimised (Becker Gerart,1996:779)is being challenged by the rise of strategic HRM, the conventional view is still prevalent in the professional domain. Wright, Dunford and Snell(2001)expand on this by stating that the HR function hasconsistently faced a battle in justifying its position in organisations (Wright,Dunford Snell 2001:701) and during times of economic hardship, the HR function is usually the first function to feel the full effect of organisational streamlining and cost cutting efforts. There are various models exists to explain the peoples role in an organization. The business oriented approach to people management described by Storey (1989) as Hard HRM emerged as a method of responding to and supporting the enterprise culture of the 1980s. Hard HRM and Soft HRM are two contrasting styles that helps to tackle workforce in an organization. Hard HRM mainly focused on achieving organisational goals while Soft HRM deals with more insightful functions like Human Resource Education, Leadership Development, Organization Culture, Relationship building while the achieving organisational goals. More recently the importance of involving and developing people which is characteristic of current approchches to personal management has been emphasized by the resource based theory of the firm formulated by Barney(1991). This explains that competitive advantage is achieved if a firm can obtain and develop human resources which enable it to learn faster and apply its learning more effectively than its competitors. An approach based on this concept will aim to improve resource capability(Kamoche,1996)achieving strategic fit between resources and opportunities and obtaining added value from the effective deployment of these resources.(The name has changed but has the game remained same, Armstrong) Ulrich described how HR practitioners employ in a set of roles defined along two axes: strategy versus operations and process versus people. The four key roles that become known from these two dimensions are Strategic partner, Administrative Expert, Employee Champion, Change agent. Strategic Partners help to successfully accomplish business strategy and meet customer needs. Administrative Experts continuously improve organisational efficiency by reengineering the HR function and other work process. Employee Champions maximize employee commitment and capability while Change Agent delivers organisational transformation and culture change. (CIPD Resarch Of HR, 2007) There have been considerable tensions around the conceptualizations of roles and how the work of Ulrich and others has been interpreted. According to Ashton and Lambert (2005),while Ulrichs original four roles have been influential, whether and how they are put in to practice varies. (The changing HR functions) There are some organizations where HR is seen as a central, corporate function with little advancement to business units. Some other organizations position themselves in the opposite direction, with a very small corporate centre and all the activity distributed to business units. The question of best structure is how the function best organizes itself between the pulls of centralization and the pushes of decentralization.(The changing HR functions) The HR assumptions and HR practices observed in high performing firms are the key elements to the formation of the Best Practice theory. Employment security, selective hiring, self managed teams, high pay contingent on company performance, extensive training, reduction of status difference, and sharing information are the key element of the theory. However less concern about the organisational goals and culture are given as draw backs for the theory. According to the best fit theory a firms that follows a cost leadership strategy designs narrow jobs and provides little job security, whereas a company pursuing a differentiation strategy emphasizes training and development. In other words this argues that all SHRM activities must be consistent with each other and linked to the strategic objectives of the business. Selective hiring of new employees are greatly support to achieve both individual and organisational performance. Recruitment and selection is more or less subjective in its nature, with the objectives of any given business at the forefront of process. To select the best fit there is no specific way. It is clear that combining techniques greatly increases accuracy. The combination of intelligence test or work sampling leads to a substantial improvement in validity (Shmidt and Hunter(1998)). Comprehensive recruitment and selection policy will be enable an organization to become competitive with in the market and also, with right people in the right place at the right time, will lead to a high performing culture with in the organization while adding extra value to the organisation. The main focus of Employee Recruitment is to generate a pool of appropriate candidates for the selection process. This to be carried out in cost effective way and while remain in lawfull. Organizations can de cide whether to select externally or internally. Internal recruitment may not always be beneficial. Ex: no one suitable or stagnation. Best way is to recruit both internally and externally (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). But many organisations prefer to look to recruit internally first especially when this represents a promotion (Newall Shackleton, 2000) To select the best fit there is no specific way. It is clear that combining techniques greatly increases accuracy , the combination of intelligence tests with structured interview, integrity test or work sampling leads to a substantial improvement in validity (Schmidt Hunter (1998).) At the interview stage attitude based competencies should give more priority in order to select the best candidate. In addition during the recruiting and selection process psychological contract between employer and the employee is distinct and specify. According to the report Engaging for Success: enhancing performance through employee engagement,engaged employees have a sence of personal attachment to their work and organization; they are motivated and able to give of their best to help it succeed and from that flows a series of tangible benefits for organization and individual alike'(Macleod Clarke 2009:7) HRM uses various technologies to direct employees behavior towards objectives and tasks that deliver approved organisational performance. Many organizations try to frame these levers with an overall performance management system, and attach incentives and rewards to achievements of objectives and targets within this. In recent years PM has become massively popular. The basic idea was to fix behavior to targets and attach financial rewards. Howe ever performance related pay was not always introduced for the best reason; there was a preoccupation with defining measures to which individual rewards could be attached and the connection with performance was often tenuous (IPM/IMS, 1992) For many line managers PM is still means no more than the appraisal process and it seen as time consuming, bureaucratic, paper driven and top down with little reference to organisational performance and goals.(Egan,1995) Despite significant efforts to present performance management as a systemic process and to raise managers sights (eg.Armstrong,1994;Hartle, 1995) many fundamental problems remain. A PMS may, indeed, support employee development, but this is often undermined by number of problems, among the most important which are, The link between individual behavior and business objectives, Defining and aligning objectives, Motivation theory and managers own assumptions and beliefs, Performance management as a management process, The impact on the employment relationship etc.. A analysis of above issues highlights fundamental questions about performance linkages and how rewards are attached to these and how the motivation to control unnecessarily and inappropriately vitiates the design of rewards and incentives.(Human Resource Management Journal, vol 10-No-3) In addition people performance is vitiated by the obsession with control and therefore is liable to undermine, rather than contribute to, performance. It should only be done within a context of strict attention to corporate business objectives and limited number of specific improvement goals. Engagement is a crucial organisational tool that can generate both individual and organisational performance and can be defined as a set of positive attitudes and behaviors enabling high job performance of kind which are in tune with the organization mission'(Storey, Wright Ulrich 2008) Recent research concluded that there are 3 broad groups of employees. Engaged (loyal, productive, would recommend their organization to friends) , Non-engaged (productive but not bonded, tempted by job vacancies, instrumental, focus on hours JDs), Disengaged (physically present but psychologically absent, negative, uncooperative, hostile, uninvolved) (Buckingham (2001) What a waste PM October) We can perhaps distinguish between two types of employee turnover: Functional vs Dysfunctional turnover functional turnover serves to promoted ideas and methods and can thus renew a stagnating organisation (Carrell et al, 1995, 177). According to Hom and Griffeth (1995), functional turnover is more common than dysfunctional: In addition, high turnover is often less troubling in relatively low skill occupations; especially customer-service related ones (fast-food restaurants, telesales, etc). Kearns (1994) suggests this is because organisations want to harness short-term enthusiasm. Thus, empl oyee turnover may not be a bad thing, however, there is likely to be a point beyond which it is unhealthy. Taylor (2008) suggests this is a rate of 5-10%. The more valuable the employee to the organisation, the more damaging the resignation especially if he/she chooses to work for a competitor Indirect concerns/costs include:-Productivity losses,Impaired quality of service,Lost business opportunities, An increased administrative burden,Employee demoralisation Direct costs include: Recruitment costs (advertising, admin, etc),Induction/training costs,Other admin costs associated with new hires,Overtime/ cost of temporary workers,Reduced productivity during induction Taylor (2008)-The employee turnover decisi Evaluate existing job, Experience job dissatisfaction, Think of quitting, Evaluate expected utility of search for new job and cost of quitting, Decide to search for alternatives, Search for alternatives, Evaluate alternatives, Compare best alternative with present job, Decide whether to stay or quit, Quit on process Mobley(1977), ten stage model. There are ways to investigate why employees leave from the organisation.,Exit interviews (89%)Anon. exit questionnaires (28%),Word of mouth (25%),Extrapolate from staff attitude surveys (23%),Exit interviews external consultant used (2%),Surveys of ex-employees (rare) (CIPD survey 2009) Following ways are considered as most effective way to address staff retention.Realistic job previews, Job e nrichment, Workspace characteristics (environment), Induction practices, Leader-member exchange, Employee selection, Reward practices, Demographic diversity,Managing inter-role conflict (Hom Griffeth, 1995) Multinational Corporation has its facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country. Such companies have offices and factories in different countries and usually have a centralized head office. Nearly all dominant multinationals are American, Japanese, or Western European such as Nike, Coca-cola, Wal- Mart, AOL, Toshiba, Honda and BMW. MNCs may take any of four forms: a decentralized that has a strong home-country presence; a global and centralized corporation that can acquire a cost advantage through centralized production; an international company that builds on the parent companys technology or research and development; or a transnational enterprise that combines all three of these approaches. In the modern world the capabilities and the knowledge incorporated in an organisations human resources are the key to performance. So on both the cost and benefit sides of the equation, HRM is crucial to the survival, performance and success of the enterprise. For MNCs, the additional complications of dealing with multicultural assumptions about the way people should be managed and differing institutional constraints become important contributors to the chances of that success. A culture is a set of basic tacit assumptions about how the world is and ought to be that a group of people share and that determines their perceptions, thoughts, feelings and to some degree, their overt behavior. Culture manifests itself at three levels. The level of deep tacit assumptions that are the essence of the culture, the level of espoused values that often reflect what a group wishes ideally to be and the way it wants to present it self publicly and the day to day behavior that represents a complex compromise among the espoused value, the deeper assumptions, and the immediate requirements of the situation. (1996)(Sloan Management Review/fall 1996) Geert Hofstedes theory of cultural dimensions describes the effects of a societys culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm for research, particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross-cultural communication. The original theory proposed four dimensions along which cultural values could be analyzed: individualism-collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance (strength of social hierarchy) and masculinity-femininity. (task orientation versus person-orientation) With compared to UK Asian countries characterized by high power distance and week uncertainty avoidance. The HRM approach in Asia generally accepted as being humanists rather than materialistic. Therefore MNCs in Asia focus much concentration on personal growth and development of employees. In return for an organization creating opportunities, employees reciprocate with increased commitment and lower levels of absenteeism and turn over. (Ayree, Chen and Budhwar,2004) In European context highly focus on Individualism and masculine with low power distance and week uncertainty avoidance Hofstede,1980). Performance Appraisal Systems (PAS) basically aimed towards being achieving individual-level targets for employees and preparing cutting edges to identifying performance ratings for rewards. Individualism is more common in western cultures unlike Asian culture is more parental. Therefore western HR practice may be not measured the required standards in Asian MNC employees performance if it not ideally matched for the cultural and organisational targets. However some argues that the world is becoming more globalised, all aspects of business and HRM are becoming more alike which indicate the convergence divergence debate. In conclusion there is evidence to suggest that including the practice out line within this thesis organisational behaviours and tools can used to drive organisational and individual performance in Multinational companies. It is essential to have suitable recruitment and selection process, Performance Appraisal System and Staff Retention plan to ensure the right people, In the right place, at the right time with right attitude. Training and development is also vital to improve HR performance. In addition HR Specialists role will be more specific when these techniques applying in to multi cultural environments where people perceptions and behavioral patterns are different from each other.

Computer Ethics and Information Systems

â€Å"Computer Ethics and Information Security† a. Introduction The consideration of computer ethics fundamentally emerged with the birth of computers. There was concern right away that computers would be used inappropriately to the detriment of society compromising information security, or that they would replace humans in many jobs, resulting in widespread job loss. Ethics- Guidelines or rules of conduct that govern our lives, work, behavior and communication in both public and private undertaking. Ethics are a set of moral principles that govern an individual or a group on what is acceptable behaviour while using a computer.Computer ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the usage of computers. One of the common issues of computer ethics is violation of copyright issues. Duplicating copyrighted content without the author’s approval, accessing personal information of others are some of the examples that violate ethical principles. Security – is the deg ree of protection to safeguard a nation, union of nations, persons or person against danger, damage, loss, and crime. Security as a form of protection are structures and processes that provide or improve security as a condition.Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction Computer Ethics- is a branch of practical philosophy which deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct. b. Discussion Computer Ethics Ethics deals with placing a â€Å"value† on acts according to whether they are â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad†. Every society has its rules about whether certain acts are ethical or not.These rules have been established as a result of consensus in society and are often written into laws. When computers first began to be used in society at large, the absence of ethical s tandards about their use and related issues caused some problems. However, as their use became widespread in every facet of our lives, discussions in computer ethics resulted in some kind of a consensus. Today, many of these rules have been formulated as laws, either national or international. Computer crimes and computer fraud are now common terms. There are laws against them, and veryone is responsible for knowing what constitutes computer crime and computer fraud. The Ten Commandments of computer ethics have been defined by the Computer Ethics Institute. Here is our interpretation of them: 1) Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people: If it is unethical to harm people by making a bomb, for example, it is equally bad to write a program that handles the timing of the bomb. Or, to put it more simply, if it is bad to steal and destroy other people’s books and notebooks, it is equally bad to access and destroy their files. ) Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work: Computer viruses are small programs that disrupt other people’s computer work by destroying their files, taking huge amounts of computer time or memory, or by simply displaying annoying messages. Generating and consciously spreading computer viruses is unethical. 3) Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's files: Reading other people’s e-mail messages is as bad as opening and reading their letters: This is invading their privacy. Obtaining other people’s non-public files should be judged the same way as breaking into their rooms and stealing their documents.Text documents on the Internet may be protected by encryption. 4) Thou shalt not use a computer to steal: Using a computer to break into the accounts of a company or a bank and transferring money should be judged the same way as robbery. It is illegal and there are strict laws against it. 5) Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness: The Internet can spread untruth as fast as it can spread truth. Putting out false â€Å"information† to the world is bad. For instance, spreading false rumors about a person or false propaganda about historical events is wrong. ) Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you have not paid: Software is an intellectual product. In that way, it is like a book: Obtaining illegal copies of copyrighted software is as bad as photocopying a copyrighted book. There are laws against both. Information about the copyright owner can be embedded by a process called watermarking into pictures in the digital format. 7) Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization: Multiuser systems use user id’s and passwords to enforce their memory and time allocations, and to safeguard information.You should not try to bypass this authorization system. Hacking a system to break and bypass the authorization is unethical. 8) Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output: For example, the programs you write for the projects assigned in this course are your own intellectual output. Copying somebody else’s program without proper authorization is software piracy and is unethical. Intellectual property is a form of ownership, and may be protected by copyright laws. ) Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you write: You have to think about computer issues in a more general social framework: Can the program you write be used in a way that is harmful to society? For example, if you are working for an animation house, and are producing animated films for children, you are responsible for their contents. Do the animations include scenes that can be harmful to children? In the United States, the Communications Decency Act was an attempt by lawmakers to ban certain types of content from Internet websites to protect young children from harmful material.That law was struck down because it violated the free speech principles in that country's constitution. T he discussion, of course, is going on. 10) Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration and respect: Just like public buses or banks, people using computer communications systems may find themselves in situations where there is some form of queuing and you have to wait for your turn and generally be nice to other people in the environment. The fact that you cannot see the people you are interacting with does not mean that you can be rude to them. Ethical Issues :- †¢Computers in the Workplace Computer Crime †¢ Privacy and Anonymity †¢ Intellectual Property †¢Professional Responsibility †¢Globalization Computers in the Workplace. Computers can pose a threat to jobs as people feel they may be replaced by them. However, the computer industry already has generated a wide variety of new jobs. When computers do not eliminate a job, they can radically alter it. In addition to job security concerns, another workplace concern is health and safety. It is a computer ethics issue to consider how computers impact health and job satisfaction when information technology is introduced into a workplace.Computer Crime. With the proliferation of computer viruses, spyware, phishing and fraud schemes, and hacking activity from every location in the world, computer crime and security are certainly topics of concern when discussing computer ethics. Besides outsiders, or hackers, many computer crimes, such as embezzlement or planting of logic bombs, are committed by trusted personnel who have authorization to use company computer systems. Privacy and Anonymity. One of the earliest computer ethics topics to arouse public interest was privacy.The ease and efficiency with which computers and networks can be used to gather, store, search, compare, retrieve, and share personal information make computer technology especially threatening to anyone who wishes to keep personal information out of the public domain or out of the hands of those who are perce ived as potential threats. The variety of privacy-related issues generated by computer technology has led to reexamination of the concept of privacy itself. Intellectual Property. One of the more controversial areas of computer ethics concerns the intellectual property rights connected with software ownership.Some people, like Richard Stallman, who started the Free Software Foundation, believe that software ownership should not be allowed at all. He claims that all information should be free, and all programs should be available for copying, studying, and modifying by anyone who wishes to do so. Others, such as Deborah Johnson, argue that software companies or programmers would not invest weeks and months of work and significant funds in the development of software if they could not get the investment back in the form of license fees or sales.Professional Responsibility and Globalization. Global networks such as the Internet and conglomerates of business-to-business network connecti ons are connecting people and information worldwide. Such globalization issues that include ethics considerations include: †¢Global laws †¢Global business †¢Global education †¢Global information flows †¢Information-rich and information-poor nations †¢Information interpretation The gap between rich and poor nations, and between rich and poor citizens in industrialized countries, is very wide.As educational opportunities, business and employment opportunities, medical services, and many other necessities of life move more and more into cyberspace, gaps between the rich and the poor may become even worse, leading to new ethical considerations. Common Computer Ethics Fallacies Although computer education is starting to be incorporated in lower grades in elementary schools, the lack of early computer education for most current adults led to several documented generally accepted fallacies that apply to nearly all computer users.As technology advances, these f allacies will change; new ones will arise, and some of the original fallacies will no longer exist as children learn at an earlier age about computer use, risks, security, and other associated information. There are more than described here, but Peter S. Tippett identified the following computer ethics fallacies, which have been widely discussed and generally accepted as being representative of the most common. The Computer Game Fallacy. Computer users tend to think that computers will generally prevent them from cheating and doing wrong.Programmers particularly believe that an error in programming syntax will prevent it from working, so that if a software program does indeed work, then it must be working correctly and preventing bad things or mistakes from happening. Even computer users in general have gotten the message that computers work with exacting accuracy and will not allow actions that should not occur. Of course, what computer users often do not consider is that although the computer operates under very strict rules, the software programs are written by humans and are just as susceptible to allowing bad things to happen as people often are in their own lives.Along with this, there is also the perception that a person can do something with a computer without being caught, so that if what is being done is not permissible, the computer should somehow prevent them from doing it. The Law-Abiding Citizen Fallacy. Laws provide guidance for many things, including computer use. Sometimes users confuse what is legal with regard to computer use with what is reasonable behavior for using computers. Laws basically define the minimum standard about which actions can be reasonably judged, but such laws also call for individual judgment.Computer users often do not realize they also have a responsibility to consider the ramifications of their actions and to behave accordingly. The Shatterproof Fallacy. Many, if not most, computer users believe that they can do littl e harm accidentally with a computer beyond perhaps erasing or messing up a file. However, computers are tools that can harm, even if computer users are unaware of the fact that their computer actions have actually hurt someone else in some way. For example, sending an email flame to a large group of recipients is the same as publicly humiliating them.Most people realize that they could be sued for libel for making such statements in a physical public forum, but may not realize they are also responsible for what they communicate and for their words and accusations on the Internet. As another example, forwarding e-mail without permission of the author can lead to harm or embarrassment if the original sender was communicating privately without expectation of his message being seen by any others. Also, using e-mail to stalk someone, to send spam, and to harass or offend the recipient in some way also are harmful uses of computers.Software piracy is yet another example of using computers to, in effect, hurt others. Generally, the shatterproof fallacy is the belief that what a person does with a computer can do minimal harm, and only affects perhaps a few files on the computer itself; it is not considering the impact of actions before doing them. The Candy-from-a-Baby Fallacy. Illegal and unethical activity, such as software piracy and plagiarism, are very easy to do with a computer. However, just because it is easy does not mean that it is right.Because of the ease with which computers can make copies, it is likely almost every computer user has committed software piracy of one form or another. The Software Publisher's Association (SPA) and Business Software Alliance (BSA) studies reveal software piracy costs companies multibillions of dollars. Copying a retail software package without paying for it is theft. Just because doing something wrong with a computer is easy does not mean it is ethical, legal, or acceptable. The Hacker's Fallacy.Numerous reports and public ations of the commonly accepted hacker belief is that it is acceptable to do anything with a computer as long as the motivation is to learn and not to gain or make a profit from such activities. This so-called hacker ethic is explored in more depth in the following section. The Free Information Fallacy. A somewhat curious opinion of many is the notion that information â€Å"wants to be free,† as mentioned earlier. It is suggested that this fallacy emerged from the fact that it is so easy to copy digital information and to distribute it widely.However, this line of thinking completely ignores the fact the copying and distribution of data is completely under the control and whim of the people who do it, and to a great extent, the people who allow it to happen. Hacking and Hacktivism Hacking is an ambivalent term, most commonly perceived as being part of criminal activities. However, hacking has been used to describe the work of individuals who have been associated with the open -source movement. Many of the developments in information technology have resulted from what has typically been considered as hacking activities.Manuel Castells considers hacker culture as the â€Å"informationalism† that incubates technological breakthrough, identifying hackers as the actors in the transition from an academically and institutionally constructed milieu of innovation to the emergence of self-organizing networks transcending organizational control. A hacker was originally a person who sought to understand computers as thoroughly as possible. Soon hacking came to be associated with phreaking, breaking into phone networks to make free phone calls, which is clearly illegal.The Hacker Ethic. The idea of a hacker ethic originates in the activities of the original hackers at MIT and Stanford in the 1950s and 1960s. Stephen Levy outlined the so-called hacker ethic as follows: 1. Access to computers should be unlimited and total. 2. All information should be free. 3. A uthority should be mistrusted and decentralization promoted. 4. Hackers should be judged solely by their skills at hacking, rather than by race, class, age, gender, or position. 5. Computers can be used to create art and beauty. . Computers can change your life for the better. The hacker ethic has three main functions: 1. It promotes the belief of individual activity over any form of corporate authority or system of ideals. 2. It supports a completely free-market approach to the exchange of and access to information. 3. It promotes the belief that computers can have a beneficial and life-changing effect. Such ideas are in conflict with a wide range of computer professionals' various codes of ethics. Ethics Codes of Conduct and ResourcesSeveral organizations and groups have defined the computer ethics their members should observe and practice. In fact, most professional organizations have adopted a code of ethics, a large percentage of which address how to handle information. To prov ide the ethics of all professional organizations related to computer use would fill a large book. The following are provided to give you an opportunity to compare similarities between the codes and, most interestingly, to note the differences and sometimes contradictions in the codes followed by the various diverse groups. Information SecurityInformation security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction Information Security Attributes: or qualities, i. e. , Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Information Systems are decomposed in three main portions, hardware, software and communications with the purpose to help identify and apply information security industry standards, as mechanisms of protection and prevention, at three levels or layers: physical, personal and organizational.Essentially, procedures or policies are implemented to tell people (administrators, users and operators)how to use products to ensure information security within the organizations. Confidentiality Confidentiality is the term used to prevent the disclosure of information to unauthorized individuals or systems. For example, a credit card transaction on the Internet requires the credit card number to be transmitted from the buyer to the merchant and from the merchant to a transaction processing network.The system attempts to enforce confidentiality by encrypting the card number during transmission, by limiting the places where it might appear (in databases, log files, backups, printed receipts, and so on), and by restricting access to the places where it is stored. If an unauthorized party obtains the card number in any way, a breach of confidentiality has occurred. Confidentiality is necessary (but not sufficient) for maintaining the privacy of the people whose personal information a system holds. [citation needed] IntegrityIn information security, integrity means that data cannot be modified undetectably. [citation needed] This is not the same thing as referential integrity in databases, although it can be viewed as a special case of Consistency as understood in the classic ACID model of transaction processing. Integrity is violated when a message is actively modified in transit. Information security systems typically provide message integrity in addition to data confidentiality. Accessibility For any information system to serve its purpose, the information must be available when it is needed.This means that the computing systems used to store and process the information, the security controls used to protect it, and the communication channels used to access it must be functioning correctly. High availability systems aim to remain available at all times, preventing service disruptions due to power outages, hardware failures, and system upgrades. Ensuring availability also involves preventing denial-of-service attacks. Authent icity In computing, e-Business, and information security, it is necessary to ensure that the data, transactions, communications or documents (electronic or physical) are genuine.It is also important for authenticity to validate that both parties involved are who they claim they are. Non-repudiation In law, non-repudiation implies one's intention to fulfill their obligations to a contract. It also implies that one party of a transaction cannot deny having received a transaction nor can the other party deny having sent a transaction. Electronic commerce uses technology such as digital signatures and public key encryption to establish authenticity and non-repudiation. c. ConclusionImpact of Computer Ethics on Information Security The relationship between information security and computer ethics does not look, on the surface, readily obvious, and even appears remote. It is, however, credible. Culture, customs, trust and privacy that characterize security fall within the realm of ethics. Computer ethics alert information security management to ethical considerations and warn potential offenders of ethical consequences in situations where the technical tools or the legal measures fail.In these cases, an ethical decision may be helpful in bringing about a solution. Furthermore, this conclusion is consistent with the following premises with respect to technical controls, computer laws and computer ethics: †¢Premise 1: The information security management community has applied control tools to meet the information security objectives of safeguarding confidentiality against unauthorized access, upholding integrity and maintaining availability. However, detecting computer crime is difficult, because the act is either traceless or difficult to trace.Quantifying the damage is problematic since the victims all too often withhold reporting the crime for reasons including fear of recrimination and bad publicity. 8 Therefore, the technical control tools are ineffective, wi th respect to legal issues. †¢Premise 2: Computer laws have been enacted in various nations at an ever-increasing rate since the late 1980s, when business and the society at large were forced to face the magnitude and severity of damage not experienced prior to computer crimes. There has been a dramatic increase in specialized legislation to combat criminal behaviors related to computer crime, which include traditional crimes committed with the use of a computer and a variety of new, technologyspecific criminal behaviors spawned by the rapid emergence of computer technologies and the exponential expansion of the Internet. 10 However, despite the additional new laws, prosecution is deterred because the legal proceeding is a tardy, time-consuming and expensive process, even when there are well-justified intentions to proceed with legal action.Also, legislation always lags behind the event such that either no appropriate laws are found or the new law is too late for the case in ha nd. Hence, computer laws are at best a deterrent to computer crime, not a guardian of information. †¢Premise 3: Computer ethicists assert, on the one hand, that special ethical issues are raised because computers are special technology, and query, on the other hand, why there should be computer ethics since, for example, there is no such thing as telephone ethics even though the telephone is a special technology that makes a profound change on the way individuals communicate with others. 1 However, information security is worthy of ethical consideration as many decisions in information technology affect a wide range of stakeholders. National and international computer societies have promoted codes of ethical practice and even written these codes into their constitutions. As technology advances, computers continue to have a greater impact on society.Therefore, computer ethics promotes the discussion of how much influence computers should have in areas such as information securit y, artificial intelligence and human communication. As the world of computers evolves, computer ethics continues to create ethical standards that address new issues raised by new technologies. Reference http://www. isaca. org/Journal http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/ethics-computer/ http://www. cmpe. boun. edu. tr/~say/c150/intro/lit10. html

Natural sciences Essay

Knowledge involves acquaintance with truth, principles or facts as with a certain subject or a branch of learning. People have various perceptive of knowledge. There are those who belief that knowledge is found in many forms which must be proven with evidence. It is possible to doubt everything that exist because it is a misconception or it may be seen as an illusion. Doubt is important in knowledge because learning through from the senses or through the senses can be deceptive. For example, senses can deceive because one may smell something sweet and senses deceive that it is going to have sweet taste. However, this is wrong because not everything that smells sweet taste sweet. Dreams are also deceptive as they are just false delusions because occasionally when one is asleep one is deceived by the illusions in dreams. These are just ways that knowledge through the senses can deceive. Therefore, it becomes necessary to doubt everything so that one can get the true knowledge. So as the proverb hold doubt is key to knowledge. Knowledge creates doubt and doubt pave way for gaining more knowledge. If its is not for doubt then there would be no knowledge or the knowledge that would be available would be one that is not complete knowledge (Urdahl, pg 27-29). In natural sciences, scientists have a lot of experience with doubt and uncertainty. This is experience that is very necessary in gaining knowledge in natural sciences. When one does not know the answer to a problem then this can be termed as ignorance. Then one has a hunch as to what the results are, for example, of an experiment, then it means that one has uncertainty. When one is darned sure of what the result would be then it means that one has some doubt. Therefore, it is paramount important that in order to have progress it is important to recognize the ignorance we have in natural sciences and leave room for doubt. This is because scientific knowledge is a body of statements, which have varying degrees of certainty. The degrees vary from being unsure, nearly sure and none absolutely certain. Doubt is a good thing in natural science because if one knows the answer or thinks that one knows the answer then it becomes easy to fail to seek more knowledge about that particular subject. Doubt helps to come out of that emotional attachment that people have in certain beliefs or from the theory of determinism. Example of areas where doubt has assisted in gaining and verifying knowledge is in the assumptions in relativity that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal. In order to show that they are not the model has to be revised. Scientists have engaged in refining their ability to measure the two. It is the doubt that has developed in this area that has made the scientist revise this model until they have realized that inertial mass and gravitational mass are different at finer degrees. Therefore, they doubt has made it known that the two are not equivalent as has been held in the past. In this case, it is not that the same experiment is repeated but the real key to this is to look at the statements and test if they have been examined to the extent that they should. Doubt allow the use of new tools in scientific experiments which allow new discoveries which do away with the old ideas or theories. Science in this case becomes a process of doubt. Natural scientists are always nor sure and this is the reason as to why they repeat the steps in experiments in order to make sure that it is right. Another area where doubt has necessitated growth of knowledge is in the evolution theory. At the beginning people had strong belief that creation theory was the one that provided call the knowledge about the evolution of human being. However, as knowledge grew people started to doubt some aspects of the evolution theory and developed other theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution. This is a theory which resulted out f the doubts about some of the aspects of the former theory. This is not the end theory because doubts in some aspects of the evolutions theory have also led to development of some other theories (Axtell pg 87-88). Doubt has also contributed to increased knowledge in other areas, for example, in social science and history. There are two areas that information collected or knowledge gained depends on research or theories which were constructed in the past by various scholars. However it becomes tricky to use such kind of theories to their full because history and social sciences are dynamic. For example, the society change as time moves. Therefore, this is also in the same way that the theories are supposed to change. For example, if theories that were constructed in the fourteenth century are used in the twenty first century then there is no doubt that the theory would contain a lot of faults because of the changes that have occurred in the society. People have developed in their way of reasoning as in these days there are more sources of information than in the past. Reason is one part of gaining knowledge that enhances the development of doubt. This is because it is after deductive reasoning that a person is able to develop hypothesis that proves some knowledge as relevant or irrelevant (Gotschl, pg179-180). Historians do their research and base most of their research on the researches that were conducted in the past. The information in the research where they base their research would be biased or exaggerated. This is what cause doubt and enhance new research to be conducted regarding some issues. Despite the fact that some people are emotionally attached to some believes doubt has made them to relent some of their believes. For example, different ethnic groups have their own myths about where they originated or who is their god or where their god lived. In traditional society people had strong emotional attachment to these beliefs (Chang pg 581). However, as time has passed people have developed doubt about these believes to develop other believes. This is because most of the beliefs in the traditions are not well reasoned and are also biased to particular ethnic people. People have developed other believes that are more inclusive of other ethnic groups all over the world. This has risen out of the doubt that people have some of the things that happened in the past (Lamm Norman pg 11-12). Despite that knowledge plays a key role in knowledge I think that knowledge or truth is a fixed situation because truth is not questionable. So if true knowledge is out there to be discovered or to be learned then it means that when we know or acquire knowledge then there should be no room for doubt. I also think that knowledge depends mostly on human perception. Natural sciences have more upper hands in investigating the truth. However these sciences are still subjected tout human brains. Curiosity is also key to knowledge rather than doubt. Human beings are always curious to know more about their nature. The curiosity allows them to make discoveries and also strive to find the truth. Looking critically at the discoveries that have been made in the past it is out of curiosity that this has happened. This curiosity leads to knowledge, which then leads to wisdom. Doubts make us to know hat our knowledge is correct instead on believing in something blindly. However I do not feel that doubt makes us to make any discovery or learn anything that is new to us. It is curiosity that allows us to acquire new knowledge more quickly. Work cited Axtell Guy. Knowledge, belief, and character: readings in virtue epistemology, 1st edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. Chang Larry. Wisdom for the Soul: Five Millennia of Prescriptions for Spiritual Healing, Gnosophia Publishers, 2006. Gotschl Johann. Erwin Schrodinger’s world view: the dynamics of knowledge and reality Vol 16, New York, Springer, 1992. Lamm Norman. Faith and doubt: studies in traditional Jewish thought, 3rd edition, KTAV Publishing House, Inc. , 2007. Urdahl Halvor. Key of Knowledge, New York, Kessinger Publishing, 1998.